Osteocalcin (1-49) is a non-collagenous peptide that is secreted by osteoblasts and odontoblasts and comprises 1-2% of the total protein in bone. Secretion of osteocalcin (1-49) is stimulated by 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D and plasma levels increase in diseases that induce dysregulated bone turnover such as osteoporosis, Paget's disease, and primary hyperparathyroidism. Osteocalcin (1-49) is positively correlated with insulin sensitivity and negatively correlated with high blood glucose levels in women. In vitro, osteocalcin induces chemotaxis of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, human peripheral blood monocytes, and rat osteosarcoma cells with osteoblast-like characteristics. It is also expressed by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) displaying an osteoblast-like phenotype and has been positively associated with calcification of aortic tissue and heart valves in humans.

Urate oxidase (Uox) 尿酸氧化酶，即尿酸酶，常用于生化研究。Urate oxidase 是一种过氧化物酶，在大多数哺乳动物中催化尿酸氧化为尿囊素。

Cellulose 可用作药用辅料。药用辅料或药用助剂，是指制药过程中使用的除药物成分以外的其他化学物质。药用辅料一般是指药物制剂中的非活性成分，能提高药物制剂的稳定性、溶解性和加工性。药用辅料还会影响合并用药的吸收、分布、代谢和消除 (ADME) 过程。

Glycerol kinase (GyK) 甘油激酶是一种细菌糖激酶，常用于生化研究。Glycerol kinase 通过将三醇转化为甘油-3-p (G3P) 来催化甘油代谢。Glycerol kinase 对于调节细胞中不依赖通道/促进因子的甘油摄取至关重要。

β-Cryptoxanthin is isolated from Satsuma mandarin orange with an anti-stress effect. It is an oxygenated carotenoid and an antioxidant.

The ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) found in fish oils provide cardiovascular benefits. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a C22:6 PUFA, is the most abundant ω-3 fatty acid in neural tissues, especially in the retina and brain. It can be synthesized from other dietary ω-3 PUFAs or taken as a nutritional supplement. Docosahexaenoyl glycine consists of DHA with glycine attached at its carboxy terminus.