(±)9-HODE cholesteryl ester was originally extracted from atherosclerotic lesions and shown to be produced by Cu2+-catalyzed oxidation of LDL. Later studies determined that 15-LO from rabbit reticulocytes and human monocytes were able to metabolize cholesteryl linoleate, a major component of LDL, to 9-HODE cholesteryl ester.

Neuraminic acid是由9个碳原子的主链构成的酸性氨基糖，也是丙酮酸与D-甘露胺(2-氨基-2-脱氧甘露糖)醛酸经缩合反应生成的产物。它作为具有生物活性的黏液蛋白的官能团。

D-Fructose 1-phosphate disodium salt 是果糖的衍生物。它是葡萄糖代谢的重要中间体。

m-Tyramine has effects on the adrenergic and dopaminergic receptor.m-Tyramine is an endogenous trace amine neuromodulator.

9-PAHPA，一种羟基脂肪酸的脂肪酸酯 (FAHFA)，属于一类新的内源性脂质家族，显示出抗糖尿病和抗炎特性。

Carboxylesterase (CESs), 即羧酸酯水解酶，广泛分布于自然界，常见于哺乳动物肝脏，常用于生化研究。Carboxylesterase 催化多种内源和外源底物的水解，包括酯、硫酯、氨基甲酸酯和酰胺，使羧酸酯水解成相应的醇和羧酸。